The Civil Analyst

Now a days, oceanacidification has become a major problem and it is growing rapidly. Ocean acts as a natural carbon sink and absorb more than half of the CO 2 emitted in the atmosphere. Earlier, scientists thought that this might be beneficial for the planet to reduce the Greenhouse effect , as it leaves less carbon dioxide in the air. Moreover, they didn’t care about rising acidification in the Oceans because they thought that rivers carried enough dissolved chemicals from rocks providing buffer to ocean’s pH . Unfortunately, this is not the case as carbon dioxide is dissolving into the oceans so rapidly that this natural buffering has not been able to keep up, corresponding to rapidly decreasing pH in ocean’s surface waters. As those surface layers slowly mixed into deep water, the entire ocean is affected. Taking into account the great diversity of life in the oceans, increased acidification can harm the marine life in different ways. There are various effects of ocean acidificati

71% area of the earth is covered with water and around 97% of it is stored in oceans. Oceans act as a natural sink for carbon dioxide gas, absorbing 30% of CO 2 released in the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels. Since industrial revolution our oceans have absorbed approximately 525 billion tons of CO 2 from the atmosphere. Presently, oceans are absorbing around 22 million tons of CO 2 per day causing drop in oceans pH level by 0.1 units. The pre-industrialization pH of the ocean water was 8.179 units which dropped to 8.1074 units in the 20 th century and at present it is 8.069 units resulting 30% more acidity in the world’s oceans. Scientists has warned that ocean acidification is rapidly progressing roughly 10 times faster than any time in the last 55 million years. What is Ocean Acidification? The ongoing and consistent drop of pH level of ocean water is referred as ocean acidification, which is mainly caused by uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmo

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has defined Acid Rain or Acid Deposition as a form of precipitation with acidic compounds such as  such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall on the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. E.g. rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic. Normal rain is slightly acidic with a pH of 5.6 whereas pH of acidic rain generally ranges between 4.2-4.4. The term acid rain was firstly coined by Scottish chemist  Robert Angus Smith in 1852, who is also known as the "father of acid rain ." Smith decided on the term while investigating rainwater chemistry near industrial cities in England and Scotland (Refer BaselConvention for transboundary movement of hazardous wastes). He described about this phenomenon in 1872 in the book " Air and Rain: The Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology . "  However, it was not given any attention until the late 1950s when scientists in the United States started studying the phenomenon, and in

Bonn Challenge is an international effort propelled by the Government of Germany and IUCN to restore 150 million hectares of world’s degraded and deforested land by the year 2020, and additional 200 million hectares by 2030. Later, it was endorsed and extended to 2030 by the New York Declaration on Forests of the 2014  UN Climate Summit. Currently, 56 governments, private associations and companies have pledged over 168 million hectares to the Challenge. The Bonn Challenge is not a new global commitment but rather a practical means of realizing many existing international commitments, including the CBD AichiTarget 15 , the UNFCCC REDD+ goal, and the Rio+20  land degradation neutrality goal. It is an implementation vehicle for national priorities such as water and food security and rural development while contributing to the achievement of international climate change, biodiversity and land degradation commitments. It is anticipated that restoration of 150 million hectares of

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, in her maiden Union Budget speech of the 17 th Lok Sabha emphasized on zero budget farming, calling for a “back to the basics” approach. She also said that practising zero budget farming can help in doubling the income of Indian farmers by the year 2022, in the time of our 75 th year of Independence.   The neo-liberalization of the Indian economy led to a deep agrarian crisis that is making small scale farming an impracticable vocation. Privatized seeds, inputs, and markets are very difficult to get and highly expensive for farmers. High production costs, high interest rates for credit, the volatile market prices of crops, the rising costs of fossil fuel based inputs, and private seeds, is the principal cause of indebtedness of Indian farmers and suicide . As the data given by National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), around 70% of agricultural households spend more than they earn and more than half of all farmers are under indebtedness. In States s

Migratory Species are those animals that travel from one place to another because of various factors such as food, sunlight, climate and temperature etc. The movement between habitats can sometimes go beyond thousands of miles/Km for some migratory birds and animals. A migratory route can involve nesting and also requires the availability of habitats before and after each migration. In order to safeguard the migratory species all through their range countries , a convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) was signed under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in the year 1979 in Germany, also known as the Bonn Convention . It entered into force on 1 st November 1983. It is the only international environmental treaty that provides a platform for the conservation and sustainable use of migratory species and their habitats. CMS is established utterly for the conservation and management of terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species through